The heart rate of Daphnia magna Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

The heart rate of Daphnia magna - Lab Report Example Daphnia is characterized by these features. Daphnia is the small, planktonic crustaceans, which belong to the order Cladocera (Campbell and Jane 12). Their length ranges between 0.2 to 5 mm. These organisms are among the many small aquatic crusteceans often called water fleas. They live in varied aquatic environment conditions that range from freshwater ponds, lakes, streams, rivers, as well as in acidic swamps (Helms, Carl Helms, Kosinski and Cummings, 14). There are two available species of Daphna. These are Daphnia magna, which is relatively large, and the Daphnia Pulex, which is the smaller size (Campbell 56). Studies have indicated that parameters such as toxins, caffeine, chlorine, and concentration of a fluid, have an impact on the heart rate of Daphnia magna (Helms 23) Generally, Daphnia are characteristically known to possess a transparent body and because of this, it is possible for one to observe effects of substances upon its body without necessarily carried out a surgica l procedure. Research has indicated that it is possible to observe the Daphnia’s heart to be dorsal to its backbone (Helms 32). Notably, on average, under normal conditions, Daphnia has been reported to have a heart rate of about 180 beats per minute (Helms 34) It is worth noting that there are numerous studies that have so far been conducted on the two species of Daphnia. Recent research has indicated that various components have an impact on the heart rate of Daphnia magna (Bertil 45). Key among them includes caffeine, alcohol, acetylcholine, epinephrine and temperature. Alcohol, which is depressant, when used, it works on the body system slowing down the body activities. In this case, with the introduction of alcohol, the heart rate consistently becomes slower. With excessive alcohol, animals become inactive and might end up dying. This way, alcohol works in such a way as to inhibit the nervous system (Naumann 34). On the other hand, caffeine

The Catholic Church Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Catholic Church - Essay Example The spiritually demeaning practices included the sale of indulgences and relics. Further erosion of the spiritual righteousness of the Catholic Church occurred through the corrupted clergy of the Catholic Church exploiting the pious laity, as a natural consequence of a corrupted papacy. These defects in the Catholic Church led to the attempts of St. Francis, Peter Waldo, Jain Hus, and John Wycliffe seeking to address these defects of the medieval Catholic Church prior to the Reformation Movement of Martin Luther. Growing Protestantism was threatening to eclipse the Catholic Church as the central religious authority in Europe, leading to the reform initiatives within the Catholic Church. These initiatives were based on a three prong strategy, and history has demonstrated that this counter of the Catholic Church arrested the growth of the Protestantism at the expense of the Catholic Church. The first prong was The Council of Trent set up under the Pope Paul III. In essence The Council of Trent was tasked with improving the discipline and administration of the Catholic Church through identifying appointments of corrupt bishops and priests, the traffic in indulgences, and any other financial abuses. The Council upheld the basic structure and dogmas of the Catholic Church, but also tacitly identified the presence of legitimate complaints. The second prong was to address these tacitly accepted legitimate concerns. Politically motivated appointments of Bishops were stopped and the Bishops given more powers to address the problems of the Church. A basic problem of poor theological education levels among the priests was identified and steps initiated to remove this deficiency. The Catholic Church took an aggressive posture through the Inquisition against the Reformers, declaring them as heretics The third prong was the beneficiary role played by the new religious orders led b y the Jesuits and